Ceramic composite

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a ceramic composite having a ceramic substrate and a ceramic layer disposed on the top surface of the substrate. The layer contains a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized stalagmites, a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized stalactites, a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized columns, or a combination thereof. The invention also relates to a composition for and a method of making the ceramic composite.

BACKGROUND

Thin film technology involves forming thin films on substrates widelyused in semiconductors and chip resistors. Desirable substrates have thefollowing characteristics: (1) low dielectric loss, (2) high electricalinsulation, (3) high thermal conductivity, (4) low surface roughness,(5) strong adhesion for thin films, (6) low water absorption, (7) highglass transition temperature, (8) great mechanical strength, (9) highthermal shock resistance, (10) low material diffusion, and (11) lowcosts.

Highly sintered ceramic substrates (such as those containing more than99% aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride,titanium nitride, and zirconium nitride) are commonly used in thin filmtechnology. Theses substrates have most of the characteristics listedabove. However, the fabrication cost is high as polishing is required.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to forming a ceramic composite bysolidifying a layer of a liquid of a ceramic material on the top of aceramic substrate. As the liquid has a smooth surface, the solidifiedlayer formed from it also has a smooth surface and does not needpolishing.

An aspect of the present invention is a ceramic composite that has (1) aceramic substrate; (2) a ceramic layer; and (3) a multiplicity ofceramic stalagmites, or a multiplicity of ceramic stalactites, or amultiplicity of ceramic stalagmites and ceramic stalactites, or amultiplicity of ceramic stalagmites, ceramic stalactites and ceramicgranules. The ceramic layer is disposed on the top surface of thesubstrate, and the stalagmites and stalactites are embedded in theceramic layer. The stalagmites extend upward from the top surface of thesubstrate, the stalactites extend downward from the top surface of theceramic layer, and the granules are dispersed throughout the ceramiclayer. The ceramic composite can further contain a multiplicity ofceramic columns, or a multiplicity of ceramic spikes, or both. Thecolumns are also embedded in the ceramic layer and extend between thetop surface of the ceramic layer and the top surface of the substrate inthe composite. The spikes protrude upward from the top surface of theceramic layer. The stalagmites, stalactites, granules, and columns eachhave the size of nanometers or microns, and the spikes each have thesize of nanometers. The ceramic substrate has a higher melting pointthan the ceramic layer. In certain embodiments, the ceramic substratealso has a higher thermal conductivity.

Another aspect of this invention is a composition for use in making aceramic composite. The composition contains a first ceramic material andat least one of two other ceramic materials, i.e., second and thirdceramic materials. The second ceramic material is in the form of nano,submicron, micron-sized particles and has a higher melting point thanthe first ceramic material. When the first ceramic material melts into aliquid and the second ceramic material remains particulate, the secondceramic material floats at the top of the liquid. The third ceramicmaterial has a higher melting point than the first ceramic material.When the first ceramic material melts into a liquid, the third ceramicmaterial partially or completely dissolve in it.

Still another aspect of the present invention is a method for making aceramic composite. In one embodiment, the method includes (1) applying acomposition containing a first ceramic material and a second ceramicmaterial onto the top surface of a ceramic substrate, in which the firstceramic material has a lower melting point than the second ceramicmaterial and the substrate, and the second ceramic material is in theform of nano-, submicron-, or micron-sized particles; (2) heating thesubstrate to a temperature where the first ceramic material melts into aliquid, the second ceramic material remains particulate and floats tothe top of the liquid, and the substrate remains solid; and (3) slowlyor rapidly cooling the substrate to form a ceramic composite. In thisembodiment, the composition may further contain a third ceramicmaterial, which has a higher melting point than the first ceramicmaterial and, when the first ceramic material melts into a liquid, thethird ceramic material partially or completely dissolves in the liquid.In another embodiment, the method includes (1) applying a compositioncontaining a first ceramic material onto the top surface of a ceramicsubstrate, in which the ceramic material in the composition has a lowermelting point than the substrate; (2) heating the substrate to atemperature where the ceramic material in the composition melts and thesubstrate remains solid; and (3) slowly or rapidly cooling the substrateto form a ceramic composite. In this embodiment, the composition mayfurther contain a third ceramic material. The third ceramic material hasa higher melting point than the first ceramic material and, when thefirst ceramic material melts into a liquid, the third ceramic materialpartially or completely dissolves in it.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from theclaims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGURE 1 shows a schematic illustration of a ceramic composite of thisinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Illustrated in FIGURE 1 is a ceramic composite 1 of this invention. Thecomposite 1 includes a ceramic substrate 2, a ceramic layer 3, amultiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic stalagmites 4, amultiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic stalactites 5, and amultiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic columns 6. Theceramic layer 3 is disposed on the top surface of the substrate 2.Embedded in the ceramic layer 3 are the stalagmites 4, stalactites 5,and columns 6. The stalagmites 4 extend upward from the top surface ofthe substrate 2, the stalactites 5 extend downward from the top surfaceof the ceramic layer 3, and the columns 6 extend between the top surfaceof the ceramic layer 3 and the top surface of the substrate 2. Forsimplicity, only two stalagmites, two stalactites, and two columns areshown in FIGURE 1.

To make the above ceramic composite, a coating composition containingtwo ceramic materials (referred to in this specification as “a firstceramic material” and “a second ceramic material”) is first applied ontothe top surface of a ceramic substrate as a film with a desiredthickness (e.g., 1 micron or greater). The ceramic substrate is made ofa ceramic material, such as, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZrO₂, aluminum nitride,titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, or a mixture thereof. The firstceramic material has a lower melting point than the second ceramicmaterial and the substrate. A melting point refers to a specifictemperature, or a temperature range at the lower end of which a ceramicmaterial starts to melt and at the upper end of which the ceramicmaterial completely melts. The first ceramic material (i.e., in eithersolid form or liquid form) preferably has a lower thermal conductivitythan the second ceramic material and the substrate material. Examples ofthe first ceramic material include, but are not limited to, silicapowder, glass powder, glaze powder, copper oxide, lead oxide, hafniumoxide, boron oxide, or a mixture thereof. Other substances can also beincluded in the first ceramic material in order to modify certainproperties or introduce useful properties. The second ceramic materialis in the form of nano-, submicron-, or micron-sized particles. Examplesof the second ceramic material include, but are not limited to, Al₂O₃,TiO₂, ZrO₂, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, or amixture thereof.

The coating composition is preferably a paste so that it can beconveniently applied onto the top surface of the substrate. The paste isprepared by mixing an organic binder with the first and second ceramicmaterials. Examples of an organic binder include animal oil, corn oil,or a mixture thereof. The paste can be applied onto the substrate byprinting or spinning coating. Other suitable means can also be used tocoat the substrate with the paste.

The coated substrate is then heated to a temperature, at which the firstceramic material melts into a liquid and both the substrate material andthe second ceramic material do not melt or only melt negligibly at most.In this embodiment, the liquid dissolves some substrate material, orpart of the second ceramic material, or both. The second ceramicmaterial remains particulate and floats to the top of the liquid.

Finally, the coated substrate is cooled slowly. That is, the temperatureof the substrate is lowered over an extended period so that the liquidcontaining the dissolved material or materials do not becomeover-saturated. Slow cooling can be controlled so as to follow apredetermined temperature-time curve. In the slow cooling process, thetemperature of the substrate decreases faster than that of the firstceramic material when the substrate has a higher thermal conductivity.As a result, a temperature gradient is generated between the top surfaceof the liquid and the top surface of the substrate. This temperaturegradient facilitates deposition of the material or materials dissolvedin the liquid on naturally occurring nano-, submicron-, or micron-sizedtips on the top surface of the substrate and on floating particles madeof the second ceramic material. More specifically, the tips and thefloating particles serve as nucleation centers. The dissolved materialor materials crystallize and accumulate on the tips to form stalagmitesextending upward from the top surface of the substrate, and crystallizeand accumulate on the underside of floating particles to formstalactites extending downward from the top surface of the liquid. Somestalagmites and some stalactites may grow to the full extent, therebyforming columns spanning between the top surface of the liquid and thetop surface of the substrate. Columns are also formed when growingstalagmites and growing stalactites contact each other. As thetemperature further decreases, the liquid solidifies and a ceramiccomposite is formed having a ceramic layer in which stalagmites,stalactites, and columns are embedded. While the stalagmites,stalactites, and columns each are mostly formed from the dissolvedmaterial or materials in the liquid, they may also contain a traceamount of the first ceramic material. The ceramic layer mainly containsthe first ceramic material, although it may also contain a trace amountof the substrate material or the second ceramic material.

Alternatively, a coating composition containing at least a first ceramicmaterial (described above) and a third ceramic material is used to makethe above ceramic composite. The third ceramic material has a highermelting point than the first ceramic material and has a density of one'schoice. When the first ceramic material melts into a liquid, the thirdceramic material partially or completely dissolves in the liquid.Examples of the third ceramic material include, but are not limited to,a SiC substrate, a ceramic tile, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZrO₂, aluminum nitride,titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, and a mixture thereof. After asubstrate is coated with such a composition, the coated substrate isheated to melt the first ceramic material into a liquid. When the thirdceramic material has a density close to that of the liquid molten fromthe first ceramic material, undissolved third ceramic material floats atboth the top and the bottom of the liquid. When the substrate has ahigher thermal conductivity than the first ceramic material, atemperature gradient is generated within the liquid during the heatingprocess. More specifically, as the first ceramic material is heated upslower than the substrate, the temperature at the top of the liquid isthe lowest and that at the bottom of the liquid is the highest.Dissolved third ceramic material solidifies as particles near thesurface of the liquid, where the temperature is lower. Upon slowcooling, as the substrate is cooled down faster, a reversed temperaturegradient is generated, i.e., the temperature at the bottom of the liquidis the lowest and that at the top of the liquid is the highest. Thedissolved third ceramic material solidifies as particles near thesurface of the substrate. All of these particles and any undissolvedthird ceramic material serve as nucleation centers. The dissolved thirdceramic material solidifies at the nucleation centers to formstalactites, stalagmites, and columns. In this embodiment, the substratematerial may or may not dissolve in the liquid.

Other ceramic composites of this invention can be made in a similarmanner. For example, when a coating composition containing only a firstceramic material and a tip-containing substrate are used, after coating,heating, and slow cooling processes, a ceramic composite is formedhaving a layer in which a multiplicity of nano- or micron-sizedstalagmites and, possibly also columns and stalactites, are embedded. Inthis embodiment, it is essential that the liquid molten from the firstceramic material dissolve part of the substrate so that stalagmites, oreven columns, can be formed from the dissolved material. Note thatstalactites form only when there are particles floating at the top ofthe liquid to function as nucleation centers. This can be achieved asfollows: when the substrate has a higher thermal conductivity, atemperature gradient is generated during the slow cooling process, i.e.,the temperature at the bottom of the liquid is the lowest and that atthe top of the liquid is the highest. Particles at the bottom of theliquid where the temperature is lower, float to the top of the liquid(if the substrate material has a lower density than the first ceramicmaterial), and serve as nucleation centers for forming stalactites. Asanother example, when a coating composition containing theabove-described first and second ceramic materials and a tip-freesubstrate are used, stalagmites do not form for lack of nucleationcenters on the surface of the substrate. As a result, the ceramiccomposite has a ceramic layer in which only stalactites, or stalactitesand columns are embedded.

Note that formation of columns depends on the amount of the dissolvedmaterial or materials in the liquid. When the amount is small,stalagmites and stalactites do not grow long enough for some of them tocontact each other to form columns. As a result, the composite onlycontains stalagmites, stalactites, or both. To lower the amount of thedissolved material or materials in the liquid, one can (1) increase thecontent of the first ceramic material and decrease the content of thesecond or third ceramic material in the coating composition, (2) selectthe second and third ceramic materials and the substrate material thathave low solubility in the liquid formed of the first ceramic material,or (3) reduce heating time.

When any of the above-mentioned ceramic compositions is applied to aceramic substrate, heated, and rapidly cooled, a ceramic composite isformed having a layer in which granules (see 7 in FIGURE 1), in additionto stalagmites and stalactites, are embedded. The granules are dispersedthroughout the ceramic layer. In a rapid cooling process, the substrateand the liquid molten from the first ceramic material in the compositionare cooled down over a relatively short period of time so that theliquid is over-saturated. After heating a coated substrate in an oven,rapid cooling can be achieved by opening the oven door or introducing acold air stream into the oven. When the temperature rapidly decreases toa certain point, the liquid becomes over-saturated and the dissolvedceramic material or materials solidify throughout the liquid to formnano-sized or micron-sized stalactites, stalagmites, and granules. Somegranules may merge with stalagmites, or stalactites, or both to formcolumns. Columns may also form in the same manner as in the slow coolingprocess described above.

A ceramic composite of this invention may further include additionalfeatures. For example, it may have a multiplicity of nano-sized spikes(See 8 in FIGURE 1) on the top surface of the ceramic layer. Thesespikes are generated during the cooling process. More specifically, whenthe temperature decreases, a trace of the dissolved materialscrystallizes and accumulates on the surface of the liquid, therebyforming nano-sized spikes protruding from the top surface of the ceramiclayer. These spikes can be observed by atomic force micrometer (AFM),but not by conventional roughness devices. They can serve as pinningcenters for a film coated on the top surface of the ceramic layer. As aresult, the film has strong adhesion to the composite and also has highresistance to thermal shock. Note that a smooth surface may have a lowdensity (less than 5% in the area ratio) of spikes all of which are ≦50nm in height and ≦10 nm in diameters. In other word, the top surface ofthe ceramic layer is smooth, even when a multiplicity of nano-sizedspikes extend upward from it.

The four examples below are to be construed as merely illustrative, andnot limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the artcan, based on the description herein, utilize the present invention toits fullest extent.

EXAMPLE 1

A paste was prepared by blending an organic binder (i.e., a mixture ofanimal oil and corn oil) with micro/nano-sized powders. The powders werecomposed of 95% by weight silica powder, 3% by weight Al₂O₃ powder(melting point >2000° C.), 0.5% by weight copper oxide powder, 0.5% byweight lead oxide powder, 0.5% by weight hafnium oxide powder, and 0.5%by weight boron oxide powder. The paste was applied as a 75 micron-thickfilm onto the top of a substrate made of 96% sintered Al₂O₃. The coatedsubstrate was heated at 1100° C. for 5 hours to melt all componentsexcept Al₂O₃ in the coated film into a liquid. The Al₂O₃ particlesremained particulate and floated to the top of the liquid. After slowlycooling down to room temperature in about 10 hours, a ceramic compositewas formed.

Scanning electron microscope analysis shows that the composite had alayer on the top of the substrate. Embedded in the layer were millionsof micro/nano stalactites per square centimeter extending downward fromthe top surface of the layer, millions of micro/nano stalagmites persquare centimeter extending upward from the top surface of thesubstrate, and thousands of micro/nano columns per square centimeterextending between the top surface of the layer and the top surface ofthe substrate.

The surface of the ceramic composite was studied by atomic forcemicroscope (AFM) imaging analysis. The AFM image shows that there were amatrix of thousands of spikes per square centimeter extending upwardfrom the top surface of the composite. The spikes had diameters innanometers and heights in tens of nanometers.

The surface roughness of the composite was measured with an Alpha Stepprofilometer (Tencor) or a DEKTAK 3ST profilometer (Veeco InstrumentInc.). The results show that the surface was as smooth as the surface ofa polished silicon substrate for integrated circuit (IC) application.

The ceramic composite was then sputtered with a 2-micrometer thickaluminum film. A peeling test shows that the adhesion of this film wasunexpectedly more than twice as strong as that of a film deposited onthe surface of a silicon IC substrate. Also unexpectedly, a thermalshock test shows that the aluminum film withstood a 550° C. to roomtemperature shock more than 3 times as well as an aluminum filmdeposited on the surface of a silicon IC substrate.

A band pass filter for 30 Gaga Hz RF application was fabricated usingthe ceramic composite. The band pass unexpectedly transmitted 15% to 30%more power and resulted in 5% less noise than a band pass filterfabricated using a 99.6% alumna substrate.

The thermal conductivity of the ceramic composite was measured.Unexpectedly, it was up to 80% of the thermal conductivity of the basesubstrate made of 96% sintered alumna material.

EXAMPLE 2

A paste, prepared according to the method described in Example 1, wasapplied as a 75 micron-thick film onto the top of a substrate made of96% sintered Al₂O₃. The coated substrate was heated at 1100° C. for 5hours to melt all components except Al₂O₃ in the coated film into aliquid. The Al₂O₃ particles remained particulate and floated to the topof the liquid. The coated substrate was slowly cooled from 1100° C. to900° C. in about 1 hour and then rapidly cooled from 900° C. to 50° C.in less than 2 hours. A ceramic composite was formed.

Scanning electron microscope analysis shows that the composite had alayer on the top of the substrate. Embedded in the layer were millionsof micro/nano stalactites per square centimeter extending downward fromthe top surface of the layer, millions of micro/nano stalagmites persquare centimeter extending upward from the top surface of thesubstrate, millions of micro/nano granules per square centimeterdispersed throughout the layer, and thousands of micro/nano columns persquare centimeter extending between the top surface of the layer and thetop surface of the substrate.

The surface morphology and physical properties of the composite werealso examined and were found to be similar to those of the compositeformed in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3

A paste was prepared by blending an organic binder (i.e., a mixture ofanimal oil and corn oil) with micro/nano grain-sized powders. Thepowders were composed of 96.3% by weight silica powder, 0.7% by weightcopper oxide powder, 0.5% by weight lead oxide powder, 1% by weighthafnium oxide powder, and 1.5% by weight boron oxide powder. The pastewas applied as a 75 micron-thick film onto the top of a substrate madeof 96% sintered Al₂O₃. The substrate was heated at 1100° C. for 5 hoursto melt the applied paste into a liquid. After slowly cooling down toroom temperature in about 10 hours, a ceramic composite was formed.

Transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that the composite had alayer on the top of the substrate. Embedded in the layer were tens tohundreds of thousands of micro/nano stalactites per square centimeterextending downward from the top surface of the layer, millions ofmicro/nano stalagmites per square centimeter extending upward from thetop surface of the substrate, and thousands of micro/nano columns persquare centimeter extending between the top surface of the layer and thetop surface of the substrate.

The surface of the ceramic composite was studied by AFM imaginganalysis. The AFM image shows that there were a matrix of thousands ofspikes per square centimeter extending upward from the top surface ofthe composite. The spikes had diameters in nanometers and heights intens of nanometers.

Surface roughness of the composite was measured with an Alpha Stepprofilometer (Tencor) or a DEKTAK 3ST profilometer (Veeco InstrumentInc.). The results show that the surface was as smooth as the surface ofa polished silicon substrate for IC application.

The ceramic composite was then sputtered with a 2-micrometer thickaluminum film. A peeling test shows that the adhesion of this film wasunexpectedly more than twice as strong as that of a film deposited onthe surface of an IC Silicon substrate. Also unexpectedly, a thermalshock test shows that the aluminum film unexpectedly withstood of a 550°C. to room temperature shock more than 3 times as well as an aluminiumfilm deposited on the surface of an IC Silicon substrate.

A band pass filter for 30 Gaga Hz RF application was fabricated usingthe ceramic composite. The band pass filter unexpectedly transmitted 5%to 10% more power and resulted in 2% less noise than a band pass filterfabricated using a 99.6% alumna substrate.

The thermal conductivity of the ceramic composite was measured.Unexpectedly, it was up to 50% of the thermal conductivity of the basesubstrate which 96% sintered alumna material.

EXAMPLE 4

A paste, prepared according the method described in Example 3, wasapplied as a 75 micron-thick film onto the top of a substrate made of96% sintered Al₂O₃. The coated substrate was heated at 1100° C. for 5hours to melt the applied paste into a liquid. It was then slowly cooledfrom 1100° C. down to 900° C. in about 1 hour followed by rapid coolingfrom 900° C. to 50° C. in less than 2 hours. A ceramic composite wasformed.

Scanning electron microscope analysis shows that the composite had alayer on the top of the substrate. Embedded in the layer were millionsof micro/nano stalactites per square centimeter extending downward fromthe top surface of the layer, millions of micro/nano stalagmites persquare centimeter extending upward from the top surface of thesubstrate, millions of micro/nano granules per square centimeterdispersed throughout the layer, and thousands of micro/nano columns persquare centimeter extending between the top surface of the layer and thetop surface of the substrate.

The surface morphology and physical properties of the composite werealso examined and were found to be similar to those of the compositeformed in Example 3.

Other Embodiments

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined inany combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may bereplaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, orsimilar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each featuredisclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent orsimilar features.

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertainthe essential characteristics of the present invention, and withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changesand modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages andconditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the scope of thefollowing claims

1. A ceramic composite comprising: a ceramic substrate, a ceramic layer,and a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic stalagmites,wherein the ceramic layer is disposed on the top surface of the ceramicsubstrate, the stalagmites are embedded in the ceramic layer and extendupward from the top surface of the ceramic substrate, and the substratehas a higher melting point than the ceramic layer.
 2. The ceramiccomposite of claim 1, further comprising a multiplicity of nano-sized ormicron-sized ceramic stalactites, wherein the stalactites are embeddedin the ceramic layer and extend downward from the top surface of theceramic layer.
 3. The ceramic composite of claim 2, further comprising amultiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic columns, wherein thecolumns are embedded in the ceramic layer and extend between the topsurface of the ceramic layer and the top surface of the ceramicsubstrate.
 4. The ceramic composite of claim 3, wherein the ceramicsubstrate has a higher thermal conductivity than the ceramic layer. 5.The ceramic composite of claim 4, wherein the ceramic substrate is madeof aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride,titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, or a mixture thereof.
 6. Theceramic composite of claim 5, wherein the ceramic layer is made ofsilica powder, glass powder, glaze powder, copper oxide, lead oxide,hafnium oxide, boron oxide, or a mixture thereof.
 7. The ceramiccomposite of claim 6, wherein the surface of the ceramic composite issmooth.
 8. The ceramic composite of claim 1, wherein the surface of theceramic composite is smooth.
 9. The ceramic composite of claim 8,wherein the substrate has a higher thermal conductivity than the layer.10. The ceramic composite of claim 9, further comprising a multiplicityof nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic stalactites, wherein thestalactites are embedded in the ceramic layer and extend downward fromthe top surface of the ceramic layer.
 11. The ceramic composite of claim10, further comprising a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sizedceramic columns, wherein the columns are embedded in the ceramic layerand extend between the top surface of the ceramic layer and the topsurface of the ceramic substrate.
 12. The ceramic composite of claim 1,further comprising a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramiccolumns, wherein the columns are embedded in the ceramic layer andextend between the top surface of the ceramic layer and the top surfaceof the ceramic substrate.
 13. The ceramic composite of claim 12, whereinthe stalagmites has a higher melting point than the layer.
 14. Theceramic composite of claim 13, wherein the stalagmites has a higherthermal conductivity than the layer.
 15. The ceramic composite of claim14, wherein the columns has a higher melting point than the layer. 16.The ceramic composite of claim 15, wherein the columns has a higherthermal conductivity than layer.
 17. The ceramic composite of claim 16,wherein the top surface of composite is smooth.
 18. The ceramiccomposite of claim 17, wherein the substrate is made of aluminum oxide,titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride,zirconium nitride, or a mixture thereof.
 19. The ceramic composite ofclaim 18, wherein the ceramic layer is made of silica powder, glasspowder, glaze powder, copper oxide, lead oxide, hafnium oxide, boronoxide, or a mixture thereof.
 20. A ceramic composite comprising: aceramic substrate, a ceramic layer, and a containing a multiplicity ofnano-sized or micron-sized ceramic stalactites, wherein the ceramiclayer is disposed on the top surface of the substrate, the stalactitesare embedded in the layer and extend downward from the top surface ofthe layer, and the substrate has a higher melting point than the layer.21. The ceramic composite of claim 20, further comprising a multiplicityof nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic columns wherein the columns areembedded in the layer and extend between the top surface of the layerand the top surface of the substrate.
 22. The ceramic composite of claim21, wherein the top surface of the composite is smooth.
 23. The ceramiccomposite of claim 22, wherein the substrate has a higher thermalconductivity than the layer.
 24. The ceramic composite of claim 23,wherein the substrate is made of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide,zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride,or a mixture thereof.
 25. The ceramic composite of claim 24, wherein theceramic is made of silica powder, glass powder, glaze powder, copperoxide, lead oxide, hafnium oxide, boron oxide, or a mixture thereof. 26.A method of making a ceramic composite, comprising: applying acomposition containing a first ceramic material and a second ceramicmaterial onto the top surface of a ceramic substrate, wherein the firstceramic material has a lower melting point than the second ceramicmaterial and the substrate, the second ceramic material is in the formof nano-, submicron-, or micron-sized particles, and, at apre-determined temperature where the first ceramic material melts into aliquid, the second ceramic material remains particulate, and thesubstrate remains solid, the second ceramic material floats at the topof the liquid; heating the substrate to reach the pre-determinedtemperature; and cooling the substrate to form a ceramic composite. 27.The method of claim 26, wherein, at the pre-determined temperature, theliquid dissolves part of the substrate, or part of the second ceramicmaterial, or both.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the compositionfurther contains an organic binder.
 29. The method of claim 28, whereinthe substrate has a higher thermal conductivity than the first ceramicmaterial.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the substrate is made ofaluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride,titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, or a mixture thereof.
 31. Themethod of claim 30, wherein the first ceramic material is silica powder,glass powder, glaze powder, copper oxide, lead oxide, hafnium oxide,boron oxide, or a mixture thereof.
 32. The method of claim 31, whereinthe second ceramic material has a higher thermal conductivity than thefirst ceramic material.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the secondceramic material is aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide,aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, or a mixturethereof.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the substrate is made ofaluminum oxide.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the second ceramicmaterial is aluminum oxide.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein theceramic composite has a ceramic substrate, a ceramic layer, amultiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic stalactites, in whichthe layer is disposed on the top surface of the substrate, thestalactites are embedded in the layer and extend downward from the topsurface of the layer.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the ceramiccomposite further contains a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sizedceramic stalagmites which are embedded in the layer and extend upwardfrom the top surface of the substrate which are.
 38. The method of claim37, wherein the ceramic composite further contains a multiplicity ofnano-sized or micron-sized ceramic columns which are embedded in thelayer and extend between the top surface of the layer and the topsurface of the substrate.
 39. The method of claim 26, wherein thecomposition further contains a third ceramic material, wherein the thirdceramic material has a higher melting point than the first ceramicmaterial and, at the predetermined temperature, the liquid partially orcompletely dissolves the third ceramic material.
 40. A method of makinga ceramic composite, comprising: applying a composition containing afirst ceramic material onto the top surface of a ceramic substrate,wherein the first ceramic material has a lower melting point than thesubstrate; heating the substrate to a temperature where the firstceramic material melts into a liquid and the substrate remains solid;and cooling the substrate to form a ceramic composite.
 41. The method ofclaim 40, wherein the liquid melts part of the substrate.
 42. The methodof claim 41, wherein the composition further contains an organic binder.43. The method of claim 42, wherein the substrate has a higher meltingpoint than the first ceramic material.
 44. The method of claim 43,wherein the substrate is made of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide,zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride,or a mixture thereof.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the firstceramic material is silica powder, glass powder, glaze powder, copperoxide, lead oxide, hafnium oxide, boron oxide, or a mixture thereof. 46.The method of claim 45, wherein the first ceramic material is a mixtureof silica powder, glass powder, glaze powder, copper oxide, lead oxide,hafnium oxide, and boron oxide.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein theceramic composite has a ceramic substrate, a ceramic layer, and amultiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized ceramic stalagmites which areembedded in the layer and extend upward from the top surface of thesubstrate.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the layer furthercontains a multiplicity of nano-sized or micron-sized columns which areembedded in the layer and extend between the top surface of the layerand the top surface of the substrate.
 49. The method of claim 40,wherein the composition further contains a second ceramic material, thesecond ceramic has a higher melting point than the first ceramicmaterial and when the first ceramic material melts into a liquid, theliquid partially or completely dissolves the second ceramic material.50. A ceramic composition, comprising: a first ceramic material, and asecond ceramic material in the form of nano-, submicron-, ormicron-sized particles, wherein the first ceramic material has a lowermelting point than the second ceramic material, and, when the firstceramic material melts into a liquid and the second ceramic materialremains particulate, the second ceramic material floats at the top ofthe liquid.
 51. The ceramic composition of claim 50, further comprisingan organic binder.
 52. The ceramic composition of claim 51, wherein thefirst ceramic material is silica powder, glass powder, glaze powder,glass powder, glaze powder, copper oxide, lead oxide, hafnium oxide,boron oxide, or a mixture thereof.
 53. The ceramic composition of claim52, wherein the second ceramic material is aluminum oxide, titaniumoxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, zirconiumnitride, or a mixture thereof.
 54. The ceramic composition of claim 53,further comprising a third ceramic material, wherein the third ceramicmaterial has a higher melting point than the first ceramic material,and, when the first ceramic material melts into a liquid, the thirdceramic material partially or completely dissolves in the liquid. 55.The ceramic composition of claim 54, wherein the third ceramic materialis SiC substrate, ceramic tiles, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide,zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride,or a mixture thereof.
 56. A ceramic composition, comprising: a firstceramic material, and a second ceramic material, wherein the secondceramic material has a melting point higher than the first ceramicmaterial, and, when the first ceramic material melts into a liquid, thesecond ceramic material partially or completely dissolves in the liquid.57. The ceramic composition of claim 56, further comprising an organicbinder.
 58. The ceramic composition of claim 57, wherein the firstceramic material is silica powder, glass powder, glaze powder, copperoxide, lead oxide, hafnium oxide, boron oxide, or a mixture thereof. 59.The ceramic composition of claim 58, wherein the second ceramic materialis a SiC substrate, a ceramic tile, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide,zirconium oxide, aluminum nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride,or a mixture thereof.